How does this explanation clarify the shared roles of issuing banks, merchants, and payment gateways in triggering OTP/3D Secure, and what does it reveal about why the same card can behave differently across platforms in 2025?
Why carder markets still thrive (the root causes)
The ecosystem problem — an attacker only needs one weak link.
Modern payments are a supply chain: cardholder → merchant → POS vendor → gateway → processor → issuer. A compromise anywhere (merchant breach, vulnerable POS, third-party vendor)...
